T3 and Triac inhibit leptin secretion and expression in brown and white rat adipocytes

Leptin regulates appetite, inhibits food intake, and seems to increase energy expenditure. We investigated the effect of triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac), a metabolite of T3, which seems to be more thermogenic than T3, on leptin secretion and mRNA expression. Rat primary cultures of white and brown adipocytes were treated with increasing concentrations of Triac and T3. The effect of different types of serum and insulin concentrations was also tested. Serum inhibited leptin secretion and mRNA expression. Leptin secretion was also clearly inhibited by Triac and T3 in a dose-dependent manner and with similar potency. In the presence of norepinephrine (NE), Triac and T3 had a similar inhibitory effect, but the inhibition was almost complete in white adipocytes. Parallel results were found at the mRNA level, where Triac and T3 had similar inhibitory potency, both alone and with NE. We also show that insulin induced dose- and time-dependent increases in leptin secretion, reaching maximum levels at 0.5 and 3 nM insulin for white and brown adipocytes, respectively. Leptin secretion was higher in white than in brown adipocytes. The increases in leptin secretion were preceded by increases in leptin mRNA. In conclusion, these data demonstrate for the first time that Triac, like T3 and serum, inhibits leptin secretion and expression in white and brown adipocytes, whereas insulin has the opposite effect.