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Lessons from ALLHAT. Are low budget diuretics first line therapy in hypertension?
1Center for Cardiovascular Research/Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10117 Berlin, Germany. thomas.unger@charite.de
Insights
Diuretics are established hypertension treatments but may cause side effects. Combining low-dose diuretics with other medications is recommended over their use as a sole hypertension therapy.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Diuretics are established, inexpensive cardiovascular agents for hypertension.
- Hypertension guidelines differ on diuretic use; American guidelines prioritize them, while European guidelines list them as one of several first-choice options.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the role of diuretics in hypertension management.
- To propose an alternative therapeutic strategy for diuretics in hypertension.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing scientific evidence and clinical experience regarding diuretic use in hypertension.
- Analysis of guideline recommendations from the American (JNC 7) and European (ESH 2003) hypertension societies.
Main Results:
- Diuretics are associated with dose-dependent side effects, including hypokalemia, diabetogenicity, and neurohumoral stimulation.
- The author considers diuretics inferior to newer drug classes like RAS inhibitors due to these side effects.
Conclusions:
- Diuretics should be removed from monotherapy for hypertension.
- Low-dose diuretics should be used as combination partners with RAS inhibitors, beta-blockers, or calcium antagonists for better hypertension management and reduced side effects.
Abstract:
Diuretics are well-established and nowadays also cheap cardiovascular agents. In contrast to the most recent American hypertension guidelines (JNC 7) which ascribe a singular place to diuretics in the first-line treatment of hypertension following a one-sided interpretation of the ALLHAT results, in the balanced guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) published in 2003, they are placed alongside beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, sartans and calcium antagonists as the drugs of first choice, but not given preference. Previous scientific evidence and clinical experience is to a certain extent in line with this classification of diuretics. On the basis of the indisputable dose-dependent potential for side-effects such as hypokalaemia, diabetogenicity and stimulation of neurohumoural systems, I personally consider diuretics to be inferior to the more recent substance groups, particularly the RAS inhibitors. I would therefore welcome it if diuretics in the future were removed from the monotherapy of hypertension and offered from the outset as low-dosed combination partners for RAS inhibitors, beta-blockers and also calcium antagonists. In this role they could only do good and not cause any damage.
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