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Updated: Aug 24, 2026

Multi-Modal Signals for Analyzing Pain Responses to Thermal and Electrical Stimuli
Published on: April 5, 2019
Modulation of thermal pain-related brain activity with virtual reality: evidence from fMRI
Hunter G Hoffman1, Todd L Richards, Barbara Coda
1Human Interface Technology Lab, and Department of Radiology, Box 352142, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. hunter@hitL.washington.edu
Abstract:
This study investigated the neural correlates of virtual reality analgesia. Virtual reality significantly reduced subjective pain ratings (i.e. analgesia). Using fMRI, pain-related brain activity was measured for each participant during conditions of no virtual reality and during virtual reality (order randomized). As predicted, virtual reality significantly reduced pain-related brain activity in all five regions of interest; the anterior cingulate cortex, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, insula, and thalamus (p<0.002, corrected). Results showed direct modulation of human brain pain responses by virtual reality distraction.
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