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Iodine toxicity and its amelioration.

David H Baker1

  • 1Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, 290 Animal Sciences Laboratory, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. dhbaker@uiuc.edu

Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
|June 1, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Iodine toxicity, though rare, can stem from radioactive fallout or excessive dietary intake. Bromine may counteract iodine

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Toxicology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Iodine (I) toxicity is uncommon but significant in specific scenarios like radioactive fallout and high seaweed consumption.
  • Chronic iodine overconsumption impairs thyroid gland function, leading to hypothyroidism and goiter.
  • Newborns are particularly vulnerable to iodine toxicity due to immature thyroid glands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the specialized concerns of iodine toxicity.
  • To explore the potential role of bromine in mitigating iodine toxicity.
  • To assess the effectiveness of potassium iodide (KI) blockage therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of iodine toxicity cases and related research.
  • Analysis of studies on bromine's interaction with thyroid hormones.
  • Examination of data from the Chernobyl nuclear accident regarding KI therapy.

Main Results:

  • Excessive iodine intake can cause hypothyroidism and goiter.
  • Bromine can substitute for iodine in thyroid hormones without loss of activity.
  • Oral bromide salts have shown potential in reversing adverse effects of high iodine intake in avian studies.
  • Potassium iodide (KI) blockage therapy proved effective in reducing thyroid cancer in young individuals exposed to radioactive iodine post-Chernobyl.

Conclusions:

  • Iodine toxicity presents unique challenges, particularly from radioactive sources and dietary habits.
  • Bromide therapy's efficacy in human iodine toxicity requires further investigation.
  • KI blockage therapy is a proven measure for minimizing thyroid cancer risk after radioactive iodine exposure in susceptible populations.

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