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Updated: Aug 23, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Published on: March 3, 2023
Reference group choice and antibiotic resistance outcomes
Keith S Kaye1, John J Engemann, Essy Mozaffari
1Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. kaye0001@mc.duke.edu
Abstract:
Two types of cohort studies examining patients infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were contrasted, using different reference groups. Cases were compared to uninfected patients and patients infected with the corresponding, susceptible organism. VRE and MRSA were associated with adverse outcomes. The effect was greater when uninfected control patients were used.
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