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Smoking and longevity: an incompatible binomial?

L Tafaro1, P Cicconetti, G Tedeschi

  • 1Department of Aging Science, Policlinico Umberto I, University La Sapienza, I-00161 Roma, Italy. ltafaro@libero.it

Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Supplement
|June 23, 2004
PubMed
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Smoking significantly reduces life expectancy, even in extreme longevity cases. Most centenarians are non-smokers, and smoking is linked to chronic illnesses and lower survival rates.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for mortality and chronic illness in the elderly.
  • Combined risk factors like hypertension and diabetes exacerbate smoking's negative health impacts.
  • Public health campaigns in Western countries promote smoking reduction due to its established health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of smoking among centenarians.
  • To assess the relationship between smoking exposure, health status, and residual survival in extreme longevity.
  • To determine the incompatibility of smoking with successful aging and longevity.

Main Methods:

  • A sample of 157 centenarians in Rome (mean age 101.59 years) was studied.
  • Prevalence of current smokers, former smokers, and never-smokers was determined.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Smoking history (age of initiation/quitting, years smoked, cigarettes/day) and health conditions were analyzed in relation to survival.

    • Main Results:

    • 83.8% of centenarians were never-smokers, 13.5% former smokers, and 2.7% active smokers.
    • A significant gender disparity was observed: 46% of male centenarians were smokers vs. 8.1% of females (p < 0.001).
    • Centenarian smokers over 65 showed statistically significant chronic illnesses (p < 0.02) and a lower survival rate (20.7 months) than non-smokers (27.0 months) (p < 0.05).

    Conclusions:

    • Smoking is largely incompatible with successful aging and longevity, except for rare exceptions.
    • Smoking compromises life expectancy, even in individuals who reach extreme old age.
    • Non-smoking is a key factor associated with extreme longevity and better health outcomes in centenarians.