Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance

Area of Science:

• Nutrition Science
• Sports Medicine
• Human Physiology

Background:

• Public health emphasizes balanced diets and physical activity for well-being.
• While macronutrient deficiencies are known to affect performance, the impact of micronutrient deficiencies is less understood.
• Physically active individuals typically meet recommended vitamin and mineral intakes, but deficiencies can occur.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the impact of vitamin and mineral deficiencies on human exercise capacity and performance.
• To identify specific micronutrients that, when deficient, impair physical function.
• To inform professionals counseling athletes and guiding dietary recommendations.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies examining vitamin and mineral status in relation to physical performance.
• Analysis of effects of deficiencies in specific vitamins (B, folate, B12, A, E) and minerals (iron, magnesium).
• Consideration of factors contributing to deficiencies in specific populations, such as young female athletes.

Main Results:

• Severe deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 lead to anemia and reduced endurance.
• Marginal mineral deficiencies, particularly iron and magnesium, impair performance.
• Iron deficiency affects muscle function and work capacity; magnesium deficiency increases oxygen cost of exercise.
• Acute or short-term marginal deficiencies in vitamin B did not impact performance.
• Vitamin A and E deficiencies are not commonly observed in athletes due to body storage.

Conclusions:

• Marginal deficiencies in certain minerals (iron, magnesium) and severe deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 negatively impact exercise performance.
• Vitamin and mineral supplementation does not enhance performance in individuals with adequate diets.
• Certain groups, like young female athletes, are at higher risk for nutrient deficiencies due to restrictive eating patterns.