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Related Concept Videos

Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR
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Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR

Published on: July 11, 2025

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Theories for analyzing polymorphism data in duplicated genes.

Hideki Innan1

  • 1Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, 1200 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA. hideki.innan@uth.tmc.edu

Genes & Genetic Systems
|June 25, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new model explains how duplicated genes evolve together using mutation, recombination, and gene conversion. This model accurately predicts DNA variation and polymorphism patterns in genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Population genetics
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • Concerted evolution drives the homogenization of duplicated genes.
  • Understanding DNA variation within and between gene copies is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple evolutionary model for a pair of duplicated genes under concerted evolution.
  • To investigate the patterns of DNA polymorphism in duplicated genes.

Main Methods:

  • A mathematical model incorporating mutation, recombination, and gene conversion in a finite population.
  • Diffusion theory to calculate expected DNA variation.
  • A coalescent simulation tool to analyze polymorphism patterns.

Main Results:

  • Theoretical predictions for DNA variation align well with empirical polymorphism data from duplicated genes.
  • The model successfully simulates patterns of DNA polymorphism.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides a robust framework for studying the evolution of duplicated genes.
  • The model's agreement with data supports its utility in evolutionary genetics research.