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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke
09:50

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Smoking and orofacial clefts: a United Kingdom-based case-control study.

J Little1, A Cardy, M T Arslan

  • 1University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. j.little@abdn.ac.uk

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association
|June 30, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is linked to an increased risk of oral clefts in newborns. This includes cleft lip and cleft palate, with evidence of a dose-response relationship and a potential role for passive smoke exposure.

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Published on: November 4, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Orofacial clefts are common birth defects with multifactorial causes.
  • Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a known risk factor for certain congenital anomalies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between maternal smoking and orofacial clefts in the United Kingdom.
  • To examine the relationship between smoking during pregnancy and specific types of oral clefts.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study was conducted in Scotland and Northwest England.
  • Mothers of 190 children with oral clefts and 248 controls were interviewed about tobacco smoke exposure.
  • Cases included cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate.

Main Results:

  • Maternal smoking in the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (OR 1.9) and cleft palate (OR 2.3).
  • A dose-response relationship was observed for both types of clefts.
  • The study could not exclude a potential effect of passive smoking.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of oral clefts, including cleft palate, which aligns with existing evidence.
  • A dose-response effect of maternal smoking was evident in UK data.
  • Public health campaigns should highlight the risks of maternal smoking on oral cleft development.