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Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.).

J Vetter1

  • 1Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Botany, Szent István University, 1400 Budapest, Pf. 2. Hungary. jvetter@univet.hu

Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
|July 6, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Poisonous hemlock (Conium maculatum) contains piperidine alkaloids in all plant parts. These compounds cause nervous system effects, leading to severe toxicosis in humans and animals.

Area of Science:

  • Botany
  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Conium maculatum, a common nitrophile weed in the Apiaceae family, is recognized as a highly poisonous plant.
  • It synthesizes piperidine alkaloids, including coniine and its derivatives, crucial for its toxicity.
  • gamma-Coniceine serves as the biochemical precursor for other hemlock alkaloids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distribution and concentration of alkaloids in Conium maculatum.
  • To summarize the biological effects and toxicosis symptoms in various animal species and humans.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Conium maculatum's chemical composition and toxicological data.
  • Analysis of alkaloid content variations based on plant genetics, environment, and age.

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Main Results:

  • Alkaloids are present in all vegetative organs, flowers, and fruits of Conium maculatum.
  • Alkaloid concentrations vary significantly with plant genetics, ecological factors, and developmental stage.
  • Documented toxic effects in cattle, sheep, goats, swine, rabbits, elk, birds, and insects.

Conclusions:

  • Conium maculatum alkaloids exert significant toxic effects on the nervous system.
  • Symptoms of hemlock poisoning range from initial stimulation to paralysis, convulsions, and potentially death.
  • Understanding alkaloid variability is key to managing Conium maculatum toxicity.