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Updated: Aug 23, 2026

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Topical Application Bioassay to Quantify Insecticide Toxicity for Mosquitoes and Fruit Flies
Published on: January 19, 2022
The molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes
Janet Hemingway1, Nicola J Hawkes, Lynn McCarroll
1Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK. hemingway@liv.ac.uk
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|July 10, 2004
Abstract:
Insecticide resistance is an inherited characteristic involving changes in one or more insect gene. The molecular basis of these changes are only now being fully determined, aided by the availability of the Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae genome sequences. This paper reviews what is currently known about insecticide resistance conferred by metabolic or target site changes in mosquitoes.

