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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
19:15

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Published on: August 25, 2014

Nicotine exposure in breastfed infants.

A Dahlström1, C Ebersjö, B Lundell

  • 1Department of Paediatrics at Stockholm Söder Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. anders.dahlstrom@sos.sll.se

Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)
|July 13, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Breastfed infants exposed to parental smoking or snuff use ingest nicotine through breast milk. Healthcare providers should counsel breastfeeding mothers on these risks.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Pediatrics
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Parental smoking is a known health risk to infants.
  • Nicotine exposure in infants can occur through various routes, including breast milk.
  • The impact of parental tobacco use on nicotine levels in breast milk requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify nicotine exposure in exclusively breastfed infants.
  • To correlate infant nicotine exposure with parental smoking and snuff-taking habits.
  • To assess the influence of timing between maternal nicotine use and breastfeeding on milk nicotine levels.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 40 mother-infant pairs (exclusively breastfed infants, 6 weeks old).
  • Collected breast milk and infant urine samples.

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  • Analyzed nicotine and cotinine concentrations using gas chromatography; infant milk intake calculated by weighing.

    • Main Results:

    • Nicotine detected in breast milk even from non-smoking mothers with smoking partners.
    • Mean milk nicotine concentration was 44 µg/l in smoking/snuff-taking mothers.
    • Infant urinary cotinine levels correlated significantly with ingested nicotine dose (r=0.84, p<0.01).

    Conclusions:

    • Breastfed infants are exposed to nicotine through breast milk if mothers smoke or use snuff.
    • Higher nicotine levels in milk observed with shorter intervals between maternal smoking and breastfeeding.
    • Passive smoke exposure and maternal snuff use contribute to infant nicotine exposure via breast milk.