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Related Concept Videos

Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

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Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure
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Published on: March 20, 2012

Stem-cell consequences of embryo epigenetic defects.

Cinzia Allegrucci1, Chris Denning, Helen Priddle

  • 1Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|July 13, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic reprogramming in early development is crucial for gene expression and cell differentiation. Understanding oocyte mechanisms could improve somatic cell reprogramming and avoid errors in embryonic stem cell technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genomic Imprinting

Background:

  • Somatic cells possess the genetic code for all proteins, but epigenetic modifications regulate lineage-specific gene expression.
  • Histone and DNA modifications (acetylation, methylation) alter chromatin structure, controlling gene activity.
  • Post-fertilization, sperm protamines are replaced by oocyte histones, initiating embryonic genome reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore epigenetic reprogramming mechanisms in oocytes and their potential for somatic cell reprogramming.
  • To investigate the implications of epigenetic errors in embryo technologies for stem cell properties.
  • To identify strategies for avoiding epigenetic errors in somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on human embryonic stem cell derivation and mammalian embryo technologies.
  • Analysis of epigenetic reprogramming processes in oocytes and early embryos.
  • Comparative analysis of sperm and somatic cell chromatin states.

Main Results:

  • Human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived via therapeutic cloning and from supernumerary embryos.
  • Mammalian embryo technologies show a propensity for epigenetic errors, potentially affecting stem cell characteristics.
  • Oocytes possess inherent mechanisms to reprogram sperm genomes, offering a model for targeted epigenetic manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying oocyte reprogramming mechanisms could enable in vitro reprogramming of somatic cells, bypassing SCNT.
  • Targeted epigenetic approaches may avoid errors associated with current SCNT methods.
  • Further research is needed to establish the impact of epigenetic errors on human embryonic stem cells.