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This study explored flashbulb memories of repeated terrorist attacks. Distinctiveness emerged as a key factor in forming these vivid memories, even without a single, surprising event.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Memory Studies

Background:

  • Flashbulb memories are typically formed by single, surprising, and personally significant events.
  • The formation of flashbulb memories after a series of related negative events remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if a series of terrorist attacks can elicit flashbulb memories.
  • To identify factors contributing to flashbulb memory formation in the context of repeated trauma.

Main Methods:

  • 131 participants recalled details of five terrorist attacks in Israel (1995-1997).
  • Participants rated overt rehearsals, emotional intensity, surprise, novelty, personal importance, and distinctiveness for each event.

Main Results:

  • Variables associated with flashbulb memory formation were present in memories of the terrorist attacks.
  • Distinctiveness was identified as a significant factor in the formation of these memories.

Conclusions:

  • Flashbulb memories can be formed by a series of related events, not just single occurrences.
  • The distinctiveness of an event plays a crucial role in the formation of flashbulb memories.