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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Diagnosis of thyroid nodules by fine needle biopsy: use and abuse.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·1994
Same author

Gatekeeping.

The New England journal of medicine·1992
Same author

Diagnosis and management of Graves' disease in pregnancy.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association·1992
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Contribution of intraoperative pathology evaluation to surgical management of thyroid nodules.

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America·1990
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Diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in ambulatory patients: primacy of the supersensitive thyroid-stimulating hormone assay.

Comprehensive therapy·1990
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Clinical correlation is required to avoid erroneous thyroid image interpretations.

Thyroidology·1990

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Thyroid nodules in pregnancy.

J I Hamburger1

  • 1Farmbrook Medical Two, Southfield, Michigan.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|January 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid nodules are common during pregnancy, with most being benign. Fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is crucial for diagnosing thyroid cancer and guiding surgical decisions in pregnant women.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules frequently occur in pregnant women, posing diagnostic challenges.
  • While most nodules are benign, the potential for thyroid cancer necessitates accurate evaluation.
  • Toxic autonomous nodules and subclinical hyperthyroidism require careful monitoring during pregnancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic approaches for thyroid nodules in pregnant women.
  • To emphasize the role of fine-needle biopsy (FNB) in thyroid cancer diagnosis during pregnancy.
  • To discuss the implications of FNB findings for surgical management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on thyroid nodule diagnosis and management in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of the diagnostic accuracy and utility of fine-needle biopsy (FNB).

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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 24, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
04:23

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

  • Evaluation of hormonal markers such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroid hormones.

    • Main Results:

    • Fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is the most reliable method for diagnosing thyroid nodules and cancer in pregnant women.
    • FNB results guide the decision for surgery, including its urgency and extent.
    • Accurate cytopathological interpretation of FNB is essential for risk stratification.

    Conclusions:

    • Thyroid nodule evaluation in pregnancy requires a careful diagnostic approach, prioritizing FNB.
    • FNB findings are critical for differentiating benign from malignant nodules and informing treatment strategies.
    • Experienced cytopathology interpretation enhances the clinical utility of FNB for thyroid cancer management during pregnancy.