Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 23, 2026

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies
Published on: October 25, 2018
ICOS is essential for the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis
Benjamin G Scott1, Huan Yang, Erdem Tüzün
1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, 3.142 MRB, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.
Abstract:
Lymphocyte costimulation via the inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) is required for effective humoral immunity development. Following immunization with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR), ICOS gene knockout (KO) mice were highly resistant to clinical experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) development, had less serum AChR-specific immunoglobulins (Igs), and exhibited a diminutive germinal center (GC) reaction in secondary lymphoid tissues. Lymphocyte proliferation and both Th1 and Th2 differentiation in response to AChR and the AChR dominant alpha146-162 peptide were inhibited by the ICOS gene deficiency. ICOS-mediated lymphocyte costimulation is thus vital to the induction of T cell-mediated humoral immunity to AChR and the development of clinical EAMG.
Related Concept Videos
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology
Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Chemical Synapses
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
