Ab initio melting curve of copper by the phase coexistence approach

Ab initio calculations of the melting properties of copper in the pressure range 0-100 GPa are reported. The ab initio total energies and ionic forces of systems representing solid and liquid copper are calculated using the projector augmented wave implementation of density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation for exchange-correlation energy. An initial approximation to the melting curve is obtained using an empirical reference system based on the embedded-atom model, points on the curve being determined by simulations in which solid and liquid coexist. The approximate melting curve so obtained is corrected using calculated free energy differences between the reference and ab initio system. It is shown that for system-size errors to be rendered negligible in this scheme, careful tuning of the reference system to reproduce ab initio energies is essential. The final melting curve is in satisfactory agreement with extrapolated experimental data available up to 20 GPa, and supports the validity of previous calculations of the melting curve up to 100 GPa.