NMR studies of retinal proteins

A review is given of the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study bacteriorhodopsin and bovine rhodopsin. Solution and solid-state approaches are included. The studies of the bacterial proton pump examine the chromophore, the peptide backbone, and the protein side chains. The studies of the bovine visual pigment are limited to the chromophore. Various forms of each pigment are considered. Both structural and dynamic features are addressed.