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Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)
Published on: December 12, 2012
Multisensory convergence in the mushroom bodies of ants and bees
W Gronenberg1, G O López-Riquelme
1Division of Neurobiology, Arizona Research Laboratories, University of Arizona, 601 Gould-Simpson Building, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. wulfi@neurobio.arizona.edu
Abstract:
The mushroom bodies, central neuropils in the arthropod brain, are involved in learning and memory and in the control of complex behavior. In most insects, the mushroom bodies receive direct olfactory input in their calyx region. In Hymenoptera, olfactory input is layered in the calyx. In ants, several layers can be discriminated that correspond to different clusters of glomeruli in the antennal lobes, perhaps corresponding to different classes of odors. Only in Hymenoptera, the mushroom body calyx also receives direct visual input from the optic lobes. In bees, six calycal layers receive input from different classes of visual interneurons, probably representing different parts of the visual field and different visual properties. Taken together, the mushroom bodies receive distinct multisensory information in many segregated input layers.
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