Epitaxial relationships between uric acid crystals and mineral surfaces: a factor in urinary stone formation

Uric acid (C5H4N4O3) is one of the final products of purine metabolism. Its concentration balance is maintained in the kidneys, but compromised kidney function can result in its crystallization either in the renal tract or in the interstitial fluid of joints. In physiological deposits, crystalline uric acid is most frequently found either in a protonated state (anhydrous or dihydrate phases) or as a deprotonated urate ion (sodium or ammonium salts). Often these precipitates are found in association with a number of mineral phases (e.g., calcium oxalates, calcium phosphates, and magnesium phosphates). Their frequent and common coexistence suggests that synergistic relationships between these crystalline phases may exist. A comprehensive list of different heterogeneous uric acid/uric acid and uric acid/mineral interfaces that are epitaxially matched was generated with the lattice-matching program EpiCalc. Two hundred twenty-five coincident epitaxial matches and four commensurate epitaxial matches were identified using this screening procedure.