Urologic problems of the neonate

Maternal sonography is integrated into routine prenatal care, and numerous fetal anomalies are detected, with genitourinary anomalies the most common. This has profoundly influenced the presentation and natural history of neonatal urologic problems. This article is divided into two sections. The first addresses clinical questions raised by prenatally detected anomalies, abdominal masses, urosepsis, urinary retention, scrotal masses, and abnormal external genitalia. The second discusses evaluation and management of specific anomalies,including controversies, and optimum timing for tertiary care center referral. The selected anomalies include renal anomalies, tumors, the exstrophy complex, urogenital anomalies, ambiguous genitalia, posterior urethral valves, scrotal anomalies, spina bifida, and common urologic syndromes such as the triad syndrome. Readers are referred to urologic texts for additional information.