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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...
Competition02:34

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.Intraspecific competition, which occurs between individuals of the same species, serves as a natural mechanism for regulating population size. Too much...
Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.Although predation is commonly associated with carnivory, for...
Conservation of Small Populations02:04

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less likely to...
Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores02:40

Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores

Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the biosynthesis of the...
Microbial Interactions: Predation01:28

Microbial Interactions: Predation

Microbial predation refers to the process by which one microorganism kills and consumes another to obtain nutrients and energy. It encompasses both bacterial and protozoan predators. This interaction plays a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and regulating nutrient cycling.Bacterial Predators: Epibiotic vs. EndobioticBacterial predators are classified based on their mode of attack as either epibiotic or endobiotic. Epibiotic predators, such as Vampirococcus, attach to the surface of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example
06:52

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Published on: June 19, 2011

Herbivore population suppression by an intermediate predator, Phytoseiulus macropilis, is insensitive to the presence

Jay A Rosenheim1, David D Limburg, Ramana G Colfer

  • 1Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jarosenheim@ucdavis.edu

Oecologia
|July 28, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Widely foraging predators control herbivore pests, while sit-and-wait predators do not. Smaller predators may avoid predation by larger, sit-and-wait predators, challenging typical food web assumptions.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Predator-prey dynamics
  • Community ecology

Background:

  • Predator foraging strategies influence their ecological roles.
  • Understanding whether predators consume herbivores or other predators is crucial for community dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test model predictions linking predator foraging behavior to ecological impacts.
  • To investigate the roles of widely foraging versus sit-and-wait predators in controlling herbivore populations.

Main Methods:

  • Manipulative field experiments were conducted on the arthropod community of papaya plants.
  • Predator foraging behaviors (widely foraging vs. sit-and-wait) were linked to their impact on herbivore populations.

Main Results:

  • Widely foraging predators (Phytoseiulus macropilis) suppressed sedentary herbivores (Tetranychus cinnabarinus).
  • Sit-and-wait predators (Nesticodes rufipes) did not suppress herbivore populations.
  • Contrary to predictions, the sit-and-wait predator did not interfere with the widely foraging predator's control of herbivores.

Conclusions:

  • Predator foraging strategy significantly impacts herbivore population control.
  • Smaller body size in widely foraging predators may reduce their risk of predation by sit-and-wait predators.
  • This size-mediated effect can alter expected intraguild predation dynamics in food webs.