Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 23, 2026
Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Embolization of indirect carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas using the superior ophthalmic vein approach
J Baldauf1, A Spuler, H-H Hoch
1Department of Neurosurgery, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, Germany. baldauf@uni-greifswald.de
Objectives:
In indirect carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas (CCF), abnormal connections exist between tiny dural branches of the external and/or internal carotid system and the cavernous sinus. Usually this kind of fistula occurs spontaneously and is characterized by a low shunt volume. Alternative vascular approaches for embolization are required when standard interventional neuroradiological access via arterial or transfemoral venous routes is not feasible.
Patients And Methods:
Two symptomatic patients with indirect CCFs are described. Transarterial and transfemoral venous approach was unsuccessful or resulted in incomplete occlusion of the CCF. Therefore, the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) was surgically exposed and retrograde catheterized to allow the delivery of platinum coils to the fistula point via a microcatheter.
Results:
Complete fistula obliteration was accompanied by recovery of the clinical symptoms.
Conclusion:
The surgical SOV approach might be sufficient when standard neuroradiological procedures do not succeed. The technique is safe and effective when performed by an interdisciplinary team.
