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Updated: Aug 23, 2026
Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
Published on: February 1, 2018
Can functional electric stimulation-assisted rowing reproduce a race-winning rowing stroke?
Suzanne E Halliday1, Amy B Zavatsky, Kazunori Hase
1Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Objective:
To compare the ergometer rowing technique of a person with spinal cord injury (SCI), using functional electric stimulation (FES) of his leg muscles, with that of a well-defined group of able-bodied rowers.
Design:
Whole-body kinematics and kinetics and electric activity of selected muscles were measured during ergometer rowing.
Setting:
A hospital-based motion analysis laboratory.
Participants:
Five male university varsity-level rowers and 1 male rower with SCI.
Interventions:
Eight rowing trials were collected on the university-level rowers, 2 trials each at 20, 24, 28, and 32 strokes/min. The rower with SCI had surface electrodes applied to his medial hamstrings and medial quadriceps muscle bellies. The electrodes were attached to a stimulator that was activated using a button in the ergometer handle. The subject with SCI rowed at a self-selected stroke rate.
Main Outcome Measures:
Forces at the ergometer handle and foot cradle, 3-dimensional whole-body kinematics, net joint moments, and phasic activity of muscles.
Results:
Motion of the arms, ankles, and knees of the rower with SCI was similar to those of the university-level rowers; other joint motions and forces applied to the ergometer differed.
Conclusions:
FES-assisted rowing in its current implementation cannot reproduce a race-winning rowing stroke. Further development work is required.
