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Polyamines in nickel-titanium archwire-induced gingivitis in adolescents

M Venza1, M Visalli, D Cicciù

  • 1Department of Dentistry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.

Summary

Salivary polyamines like spermine and spermidine increase during orthodontic treatment in adolescents, potentially indicating early gingivitis. These changes are more pronounced in younger patients and may serve as earlier indicators than traditional gingival index scores.

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