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Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
Published on: August 27, 2013
Indometacin up-regulates TFF2 expression in gastric epithelial cells
A Koitabashi1, T Shimada, Y Fujii
1Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Medical Science, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like indometacin increase trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) expression in gastric cells. This TFF2 upregulation may protect against NSAID-induced gastric damage via a COX-independent pathway.
Area of Science:
- Gastroenterology
- Molecular Biology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are crucial for gastrointestinal mucosal integrity.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause gastric lesions, but their effect on TFFs is unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the impact of indometacin, a common NSAID, on TFF expression in gastric epithelial cells.
Main Methods:
- Utilized the human gastric cancer cell line MKN45.
- Assessed TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 mRNA levels using real-time quantitative RT-PCR.
- Evaluated TFF2 gene transcription via luciferase reporter gene assay.
Main Results:
- Indometacin dose- and time-dependently upregulated TFF2 mRNA expression.
- TFF1 and TFF3 mRNA levels remained unaffected by indometacin.
- Luciferase assays confirmed indometacin's induction of TFF2 gene transcription, independent of prostaglandin E2.
Conclusions:
- Indometacin enhances gastric epithelial TFF2 expression through a COX-independent mechanism.
- Increased TFF2 may offer protective effects against indometacin-induced gastric mucosal injury.
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