Fusion proteins as tools for crystallization: the lactose permease from Escherichia coli

A novel strategy is presented for the crystallization of membrane proteins or other proteins with low solubility and/or stability. The method is illustrated with the lactose permease from Escherichia coli, in which a fusion is constructed between the permease and a 'carrier' protein. The carrier is a soluble, stable protein with its C and N termini close together in space at the surface of the protein, so that the carrier can be introduced into an internal position of the target protein. The carrier is chosen with convenient spectral or enzymatic properties, making the fusion protein easier to handle than the native molecule. Data are presented for the successful construction, expression and purification of a fusion product between lactose permease and cytochrome b(562) from E. coli. The lactose transport activity of the fusion protein is similar to that of wild-type lactose permease, and the fusion product has an absorption spectrum in the visible range which is essentially identical to that of cytochrome b(562). The fusion protein has a higher proportional polar surface area than wild-type permease, and should have better possibilities of forming the strong directional intermolecular contacts required of a crystal lattice.