Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2026

Oligopeptide Competition Assay for Phosphorylation Site Determination
09:16

Oligopeptide Competition Assay for Phosphorylation Site Determination

Published on: May 18, 2017

CG sequence- and phosphorothioate backbone modification-dependent activation of the NF-kappaB-responsive gene

Keun-Wook Lee1, Doo-Sik Kim, Hyung-Joo Kwon

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.

Molecular Immunology
|August 11, 2004
PubMed

Insights

CpG-ODNs activate immune cells. Phosphorothioate-modified CpG-ODN 1826 stimulates human B cells, activating NF-kappaB and inflammatory gene expression, similar to its effect on mouse cells.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Oligodeoxynucleotides with CpG motifs (CpG-ODNs) are known to stimulate innate immune responses.
  • CpG-ODN 1826 is effective in mouse cells, while CpG-ODN 2006 is optimal for human cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the activation of IL-8 promoter and NF-kappaB in human B cells by CpG-ODN 1826 and 2006.
  • To determine the role of CG sequence and phosphorothioate backbone modification in CpG-ODN activity.
  • To identify signaling molecules involved in CpG-ODN triggered pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Stimulation of human B cell line RPMI 8226 with CpG-ODN 1826 and 2006.
  • Analysis of IL-8 promoter activation and NF-kappaB nuclear localization.
  • Investigating the involvement of myeloid differentiation protein and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6.

Main Results:

  • CpG-ODN 1826 and 2006 activated the IL-8 promoter and NF-kappaB in human B cells in a sequence- and backbone-dependent manner.
  • Myeloid differentiation protein and TRAF6 were implicated in the CpG-ODN signaling pathway.
  • Phosphorothioate-modified CpG-ODN 1826 induced NF-kappaB-responsive inflammatory cytokine gene expression in human B cells.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphorothioate-modified CpG-ODN 1826 activates human B cells, inducing NF-kappaB-responsive gene expression.
  • CpG-ODN 1826 demonstrates cross-species activity, stimulating both mouse and human immune cells.

More Related Videos

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Generation of Stable Human Cell Lines with Tetracycline-inducible (Tet-on) shRNA or cDNA Expression09:51

Generation of Stable Human Cell Lines with Tetracycline-inducible (Tet-on) shRNA or cDNA Expression

Published on: March 5, 2013

Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...