A history of Combined-Integrated doctoral training in psychology

The history of doctoral training in psychology is reviewed, with special emphasis on the development of training models for applied psychology. Among applied psychology doctoral programs, most label themselves as being one of the three currently recognized practice areas: clinical, counseling, and school psychology; however, since the 1970s, APA also has accredited "combined" programs. The history of the development of the combined model is traced, including information from the programs themselves about the manner in which each evolved. Recently, new interest in the combined category -or Combined-Integrated (C-I) as these programs wish to become known-has emerged, and an organization representing these programs has formed. The C-I model is described, and the potential that the model may serve as a template for the future of professional training in psychology is discussed.