Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 29, 2026

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
Published on: September 14, 2014
Over-expression and refolding of beta-subunit from the chloroplast ATP synthase
1Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045.
Abstract:
We established a bacterial system for high-level over-expression of the spinach chloroplast atpB gene which encodes the ATP synthase beta subunit. Upon induction, atpB was expressed as at least 50% to 70% of total cell protein. Although the over-expressed beta polypeptide formed insoluble inclusion bodies, more than fifty percent of it was restored to a functional form by solubilizing the inclusion bodies with 4 M urea and slowly removing the urea by stepwise dialysis. The resulting beta subunit exhibited specific and selective nucleotide binding properties identical to those of the native beta subunit.
Related Concept Videos
ATP Synthase: Mechanism
ATP Synthase: Structure
Protein Transport to the Stroma
Protein complexes called the translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane or TOC complex, and the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane or TIC complex mediate the...
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
Protein Transport to the Thylakoids
Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

