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Related Experiment Videos

Looking at pictures but remembering scenes.

H Intraub1, R S Bender, J A Mangels

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark 19716.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|January 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

People often remember close-up photos with wider boundaries than they actually were. This boundary extension effect is influenced by perceptual schemas and memory schemas, suggesting a two-component model of picture processing.

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Wide-angle memories of close-up scenes: a demonstration of boundary extension.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Previous research indicates a tendency for individuals to perceive boundaries of close-up photographs as extended.
  • Several hypotheses, including object completion, perceptual schema distortion, and normalization toward a prototypic view, have been proposed to explain this phenomenon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of boundary extension in memory for close-up photographs.
  • To differentiate between object completion, perceptual schema, and memory schema explanations for boundary extension.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted with 55-130 undergraduate participants.
  • Participants viewed close-up, prototypic, or wide-angle images of objects for 15 seconds each.
  • Image memory was assessed immediately and after a 48-hour delay using a rating scale.

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Main Results:

  • Boundary extension occurred even when images lacked incomplete objects, ruling out the object completion hypothesis.
  • Immediate memory tests supported the perceptual schema hypothesis, showing unidirectional distortions consistent with boundary extension.
  • Delayed memory tests suggested a memory schema effect, as wide-angle images led to boundary restriction.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that boundary extension is not solely due to object completion.
  • Both immediate perceptual processing and delayed memory schemas contribute to how image boundaries are recalled.
  • A two-component model is proposed to account for the dynamic interplay of perceptual and memory factors in picture processing.