Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards
Published on: December 14, 2006
Spots and stripes: the evolution of repetition in visual signal form
Benjamin Kenward1, Carl-Adam Wachtmeister, Stefano Ghirlanda
1Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Sweden. benjamin.kenward@zoology.oxford.ac.uk
Abstract:
It is common to find spatially repetitive patterns in animal visual signals. The evolution of such patterns is not well explained by existing theories of signal evolution. In this paper, we suggest that the evolution of signals with spatial repetition may be due to specific recognition problems and receiver biases. The logics of our hypotheses are studied in co-evolutionary simulations using artificial neural networks as models of receivers. These simulations yield repetitive visual signals under the following conditions: translations and reflections of the signal, partial obstruction of the signal, a fixed feature in the signal, and lateral inhibition in the receiver. In addition to regular repetitions our simulations sometimes result in other organisations of the signal such as blocky patterns and gradients.
Related Concept Videos
Interference and Diffraction
Position-effect Variegation
Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors
Even and Odd Signals
Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines
Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines

