Primary HIV-1 drug resistance in Brazil

In this report we reviewed primary HIV-1 drug resistance in Brazil and compared it with that of other developed countries. An extensive survey was conducted in published studies on primary HIV-1 drug resistance in Brazil and in several developed countries in North America and Western Europe. Overall and genomic region-specific (protease or reverse transcriptase) rates were compared between countries and over time in some countries (whenever available) to detect their trend over time and in different groups of individuals (acutely or chronically infected patients). Brazil has shown primary drug resistance rates that were on average lower than in most developed countries analysed. There were no reports in Brazil showing the occurrence of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 strains circulating in drug-naive patients, in contrast to some countries. Rates of protease secondary mutations observed in Rio de Janeiro (the second largest city affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil) did not show evidence of increase, but rather mutation-specific steady state equilibria. Despite the universal access to antiretroviral treatment in the country, rates of primary drug resistance are still low when compared with those of developed nations, arguing against the need for genotyping in patients before initiating therapy. The lower rates of primary drug resistance reported show that resistance should not be of concern in promoting expanded access to antiretroviral treatment in developing settings.