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Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
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Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering
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Observation of superflow in solid helium.

E Kim1, M H W Chan

  • 1Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 4, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed nonclassical rotational inertia in solid helium-4, demonstrating superfluid behavior in a solid state. This finding suggests superfluidity exists across all three phases of matter.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum fluid dynamics

Background:

  • Superfluidity, a state of matter with zero viscosity, is typically observed in liquid helium-4 and helium-3.
  • The existence of a solid-state superfluid, or supersolid, has been a long-standing theoretical and experimental challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of nonclassical rotational inertia (NCRI) in solid helium-4.
  • To characterize the conditions under which solid helium-4 exhibits supersolid behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Confining solid helium-4 in an annular channel within a sample cell.
  • Subjecting the sample cell to torsional motion and measuring resonant oscillation periods.
  • Cooling the sample below 230 millikelvin to observe changes in oscillation period.

Main Results:

  • Observed a distinct drop in the resonant oscillation period below 230 millikelvin, indicative of NCRI.
  • Measured 17 solid samples, mapping the supersolid phase boundary from the melting line up to 66 bars.
  • Demonstrated that solid helium-4 exhibits superfluid-like behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Solid helium-4 can exhibit nonclassical rotational inertia, confirming supersolid behavior.
  • Supersolid phase is present across a range of pressures and temperatures near the melting line.
  • Superfluid behavior is not limited to liquids, extending to the solid phase of helium-4, implying its presence in all three states of matter.