Characterization of coatings for open-heart surgery tubing with heparin and lipid

The aim of this study was to compare qualitative and quantitative methods for coating characterization on internal surfaces of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing used in procedures of extracorporeal circulation. The methods of characterization included optical microscopy (OM) after dyeing with toluidine blue, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). OM after sample dyeing was excellent in allowing early detection of any absence or irregularities of coatings among the used methods. SEM was the most effective in observing the structure and thickness either in heparin coatings or in lipid coatings. AFM provided a good evaluation of the surface topography. A conjunction of all methods is recommended for complete characterization. The quantification methods based on colorimetric tests were efficient in determining the concentrations of heparin and lipid on internal surface tubes, the coating stability and the reproducibility of the results.