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Gender differences in testosterone and cortisol response to competition.

Katie T Kivlighan1, Douglas A Granger, Alan Booth

  • 1Department of Behavioral Health, Behavioral Endocrinology Laboratory, 315 Health and Human Development East, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Psychoneuroendocrinology
|September 11, 2004
PubMed
Summary

This study found that male and female athletes have different hormonal responses (testosterone and cortisol) to rowing competitions. These endocrine changes were linked to social bonding, not dominance or competitiveness.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Sports Psychology
  • Social Neuroscience

Background:

  • Hormonal responses to competition are crucial for understanding social behavior.
  • Previous research has not fully explored sex differences in endocrine responses during athletic contests.
  • The interplay between hormones, behavior, and social dynamics in competitive settings requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine intra-individual changes in testosterone and cortisol levels during a rowing competition.
  • To investigate the relationships between these hormones and various behavioral factors.
  • To explore sex differences in endocrine and behavioral responses to athletic competition.

Main Methods:

  • Saliva samples collected from 46 university rowers (23 female) before, during, and after a competition.

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  • Behavioral assessments included rowing experience, dominance, competitiveness, team bonding, and mental state.
  • Hormone levels (testosterone, cortisol) were analyzed in relation to behavioral data.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant sex differences observed in endocrine responses to the rowing competition.
    • Hormonal responses varied based on competitive experience, competition phase, and hormone type.
    • Testosterone and cortisol levels were associated with social affiliation but not dominance or competitiveness.

    Conclusions:

    • Findings suggest an integration of the 'tend and befriend' and biosocial models of status.
    • Hormone-behavior relationships in competitive environments are complex and sex-specific.
    • Further research is needed to refine understanding of endocrine regulation of social behavior in athletes.