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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Incidence and Cost of Otitis Media in High-income and Low- and Middle-income Countries.

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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Changes in frequency and pathogens causing acute otitis media in 1995-2003.

Janet R Casey1, Michael E Pichichero

  • 1Elmwood Pediatric Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|September 14, 2004
PubMed
Summary

High-dose amoxicillin and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines significantly reduced persistent acute otitis media (AOM) and AOM treatment failure (AOMTF). Haemophilus influenzae is now the leading cause, with increased beta-lactamase production.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Acute otitis media (AOM) and AOM treatment failure (AOMTF) pose significant challenges in pediatric care.
  • Changes in causative pathogens and treatment guidelines may impact AOMTF rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of high-dose amoxicillin and pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on pathogens causing persistent AOM and AOMTF.
  • To analyze trends in bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance following guideline changes.

Main Methods:

  • A 9-year prospective study involving tympanocentesis in children with persistent AOM or AOMTF.
  • Comparison of three periods: standard-dose amoxicillin, high-dose amoxicillin, and high-dose amoxicillin with pneumococcal vaccination.

Main Results:

  • A significant 24% decline in persistent AOM and AOMTF was observed after 2000 (P = 0.007).
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae decreased (48% to 31%), while Haemophilus influenzae increased (38% to 57%).
  • H. influenzae showed increased beta-lactamase production (P = 0.04), and a trend towards penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae was noted.

Conclusions:

  • High-dose amoxicillin and pneumococcal vaccination effectively reduced persistent AOM and AOMTF.
  • H. influenzae has emerged as the predominant pathogen in these cases.
  • Shifts in pathogen prevalence and resistance patterns necessitate ongoing surveillance and treatment strategy evaluation.