Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 22, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
[Management of advanced or refractory heart failure]
María G Crespo Leiro1, María J Paniagua Martín
1Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Juan Canalejo, A Coruña, Spain. MCreLei@canalejo.org
Abstract:
Advanced heart failure, also be defined as stage D heart failure, characterized by advanced structural heart disease and marked symptoms of heart failure at rest despite dietary modification, salt restriction and maximal medical therapy including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, digitalics, diuretics and beta blockers. These patients require frequent hospitalizations and specialized interventions such as heart transplantation, implantation of mechanical assistance devices, continuous intravenous inotropic therapy to palliate symptoms, or continued terminal care.
Related Concept Videos
Heart Failure V: Medical Management
Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation
Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System