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Updated: Aug 22, 2026

Catheter-based Endovascular Angioplasty for Fibrosing Mediastinitis-associated Pulmonary Vein Stenosis
Published on: August 26, 2025
Endovascular treatment of epistaxis
David E Vokes1, Nicholas P McIvor, W John Wattie
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. dvokes@adhb.govt.nz
Aim:
Embolization of external carotid vessels in the treatment of intractable epistaxis is not well documented in Australasia. The aim of the present retrospective study was to audit our experience with the technique, and to compare it with other centres.
Methods:
Retrospective review.
Results:
Twenty-nine embolizations were performed in 28 patients. Embolization was successful in 24 out of 28 patients (86%). Three patients required ligation of the anterior ethmoidal arteries, one of whom subsequently underwent successful repeat embolization. There were minor complications in 6/29 procedures (21%), and no major complications.
Conclusion:
Our outcomes compare favourably with those of larger centres. Embolization is an effective tool in the management of patients with intractable epistaxis.
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