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Related Concept Videos

Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

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Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
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Induction01:16

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An emf is induced when the magnetic field in a coil is changed by pushing a bar magnet into or out of the coil. emfs of opposite signs are produced by motion in opposite directions, and the directions of emfs are also reversed by reversing poles. The same results are produced if the coil is moved rather than the magnet—it is the relative motion that is important. The faster the motion, the greater the emf. Additionally, there is no emf when the magnet is stationary relative to the coil.
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Self-Inductance01:24

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Mutual inductance arises when a current in one circuit produces a changing magnetic field that induces an emf in another circuit. On the other hand, self-inductance arises when the current passing through the circuit changes, creating a changing magnetic flux, resulting in inductance in the same circuit.
Consider a circuit connected to an AC source. As the current varies with time, the magnetic flux through the circuit correspondingly changes. Faraday's law tells us that an emf would...
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Inductance is the property of a device that tells us how effectively it induces an emf in another device. In other words, it is a physical quantity that expresses the effectiveness of a given device.
When two circuits carrying time-varying currents are close to one another, the magnetic flux through each circuit varies because of the changing current in the other circuit. Consequently, an emf is induced in each circuit by the changing current in the other. Therefore, this type of emf is called...
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Nursing Clinical Information System01:27

Nursing Clinical Information System

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Nursing Clinical Information System (NCIS)
A Nursing Clinical Information System (NCIS) is a specialized type of healthcare information system tailored to meet the unique needs of nursing practice. It incorporates the principles of nursing informatics to streamline information management and improve the quality of care delivery.
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Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

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Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Pre-Clinical Porcine Model of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation
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Tolerance induction in clinical transplantation.

Thomas Fehr1, Megan Sykes

  • 1Transplantation Biology Research Center, Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA. thomas.fehr@tbrc.mgh.harvard.edu

Transplant Immunology
|September 24, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Inducing donor-specific tolerance can improve allotransplantation outcomes by preventing chronic rejection and drug toxicity. While rodent models show promise, human translation faces challenges, with only two protocols achieving success so far.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Science

Background:

  • Modern immunosuppression significantly improved allotransplantation survival.
  • Chronic rejection and drug toxicity remain major causes of organ loss, leading to high retransplant rates.
  • Donor-specific tolerance offers a potential solution to mitigate rejection and drug toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms and barriers to transplantation tolerance.
  • To focus on pre-clinical and clinical studies in non-human primates and humans.
  • To discuss strategies for achieving donor-specific tolerance in allotransplantation.

Main Methods:

  • Categorized tolerance induction strategies into non-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT)-based and HCT-based protocols.
  • Non-HCT protocols involve T cell depletion (e.g., irradiation, antibodies) combined with other therapies.
  • HCT-based protocols combine HCT with T cell depletion and cytoreductive treatment.

Main Results:

  • Successful tolerance induction demonstrated in rodent models but translation to humans is difficult.
  • Two protocols have been successfully translated into human studies: one non-HCT and one HCT-based.
  • These successful protocols involved specific combinations of T cell depletion, irradiation, and/or immunosuppressive agents.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving donor-specific tolerance is crucial for overcoming limitations of current immunosuppression in allotransplantation.
  • Further research is needed to develop broadly applicable tolerance protocols for allograft recipients.
  • Successful human trials provide a foundation for future advancements in transplantation tolerance.