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Related Concept Videos

Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...
Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
Irrotational Flow01:28

Irrotational Flow

Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:
Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
Uniform Flow
Uniform flow...
Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent spots,...
Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
06:42

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Published on: March 3, 2017

A Taylor vortex analogy in granular flows.

Stephen L Conway1, Troy Shinbrot, Benjamin J Glasser

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.

Nature
|September 24, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Granular materials, like fluids, form vortices under shear. Unlike fluid vortices, these granular structures drive mixing and segregation, offering new insights into particle dynamics.

Area of Science:

  • Physics of granular materials
  • Fluid dynamics
  • Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Sheared fluid flows between rotating cylinders exhibit instabilities, crucial for understanding fluid transitions to chaos.
  • Predicting granular material dynamics under shear is challenging due to complex solid-like responses and emergent patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the instability dynamics of granular materials under shear, drawing parallels with fluid Taylor instabilities.
  • To explore the unique vortex behavior and mixing-segregation transitions in fluidized granular systems.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study using gas fluidization to prevent jamming in granular materials.
  • Observation of vortex formation and dynamics in a sheared, fluidized granular bed.

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Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices
04:35

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices

Published on: July 28, 2023

Main Results:

  • Granular materials under shear exhibit vortices analogous to the primary Taylor instability observed in fluids.
  • Granular vortices are accompanied by novel mixing-segregation transitions, unlike those in simple fluid flows.
  • Vortices appear to mitigate strain by generating new vortices, altering kinetic interaction scales.

Conclusions:

  • Granular materials display unique vortex-driven phenomena distinct from fluid instabilities.
  • These findings offer insights into shear transmission mechanisms in granular systems and their convective mixing capabilities.
  • Understanding these dynamics is critical for geophysical event analysis and particle technology performance.