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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
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Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...

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Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors
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Published on: July 31, 2014

Glutamine-dependent changes in gene expression and protein activity.

R Curi1, C J Lagranha, S Q Doi

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ruicuri@fisio.icb.usp.br

Cell Biochemistry and Function
|September 24, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Glutamine is a vital amino acid with numerous functions, including protein synthesis and muscle growth. This review details how glutamine regulates gene expression and activates key proteins, impacting cellular processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid with diverse physiological roles.
  • Its functions span protein synthesis, acid-base balance, and cellular metabolism.
  • Understanding glutamine's mechanisms is crucial for various biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted functions of glutamine.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying glutamine's actions.
  • To highlight glutamine's role in gene regulation and protein activation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on glutamine.
  • Analysis of studies detailing glutamine's impact on gene expression.
  • Examination of research on glutamine's activation of cellular proteins.

Main Results:

  • Glutamine serves as a substrate for protein synthesis, muscle growth, and gluconeogenesis.
  • It plays critical roles in acid-base balance, ureogenesis, and acts as an oxidative fuel.
  • Glutamine regulates the expression of genes like p47phox and alpha-actin.
  • It activates proteins including ASK1, c-myc, and p70s6k.

Conclusions:

  • Glutamine is a key amino acid with extensive regulatory functions in the body.
  • Its mechanisms involve modulating gene expression and protein activity.
  • Further research into glutamine's roles can inform therapeutic strategies.