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Related Concept Videos

The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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The elemental makeup of a compound defines its chemical identity, and chemical formulas are the most concise way of representing this elemental makeup. When a compound’s formula is unknown, measuring the mass of its constituent elements is often the first step in determining the formula experimentally.
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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The molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in a manner similar to the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals. The region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found is called a molecular orbital. Mathematically, the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) generates molecular orbitals. Combinations of in-phase atomic orbital wave functions result in regions with a high probability of electron density, while...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Analysis of Volatile and Oxidation Sensitive Compounds Using a Cold Inlet System and Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry
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Published on: September 5, 2014

Phosphorus carbides: theory and experiment.

F Claeyssens1, G M Fuge, N L Allan

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK BS8 1TS.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|September 29, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored novel phosphorus carbide materials, investigating both crystalline structures using density-functional theory and amorphous films via pulsed laser ablation. This work advances the understanding and potential applications of these advanced materials.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

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Published on: November 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Recent advancements in radio frequency plasma activation of methane/phosphine mixtures have enabled the synthesis of phosphorus carbide films.
  • This has spurred interest in exploring new phosphorus carbide materials with unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic structure and stability of crystalline phosphorus carbide phases.
  • To experimentally produce and characterize hydrogen-free amorphous phosphorus carbide thin films.

Main Methods:

  • First-principles density-functional theory calculations were employed to study crystalline P(x)C(y) phases (P(4)C(3+8n), PC, PC(3)).
  • Pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of graphite/phosphorus targets was used to deposit amorphous phosphorus carbide films on Si and quartz substrates.
  • Characterization techniques included laser Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Theoretical analysis identified stable crystalline phosphorus carbide structures, with particular focus on PC(3) compositions.
  • Amorphous, hydrogen-free phosphorus carbide films with varying phosphorus content (0-26 at.%) were successfully deposited.
  • The deposited films exhibited mechanical hardness and electrical conductivity, characteristic of diamond-like carbon.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into the fundamental properties of crystalline phosphorus carbides.
  • Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of producing hard, conductive phosphorus carbide films using PLA.
  • These findings contribute to the development of new materials for diverse technological applications.