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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria
13:42

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria

Published on: September 7, 2012

PGC-1alpha: turbocharging mitochondria.

Sander M Houten1, Johan Auwerx

  • 1Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France.

Cell
|September 30, 2004
PubMed
Summary

The study shows that PGC-1alpha is crucial for metabolism and muscle function. It also reveals a surprising new role for PGC-1alpha in the brain.

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic regulation
  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • PGC-1alpha (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) is a key transcriptional coactivator.
  • It regulates numerous metabolic processes, including energy production and glucose metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the functions of PGC-1alpha.
  • To investigate the role of PGC-1alpha in the brain.

Main Methods:

  • Generation and analysis of PGC-1alpha knockout mice (PGC-1alpha(-/-)).
  • Assessment of metabolic parameters and brain function.

Main Results:

  • PGC-1alpha knockout mice exhibit defects in mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration.

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Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
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Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

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Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly
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Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria
13:42

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria

Published on: September 7, 2012

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly
09:53

Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly

Published on: June 7, 2024

  • Loss of PGC-1alpha impairs hepatic gluconeogenesis and alters muscle fiber type.
  • Unexpectedly, PGC-1alpha deficiency impacts brain function.

    • Conclusions:

    • PGC-1alpha has pleiotropic functions in metabolism and muscle physiology.
    • PGC-1alpha plays a critical and previously unrecognized role in the central nervous system.