Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 21, 2026
Interphase Fluorescence in situ Hybridization of Bone Marrow Smears of Multiple Myeloma
Published on: April 15, 2022
Bone metastases: prognostic applications of cytometric DNA analysis
Georg W Herget1, Wenko Smolka, Claus P Adler
1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. gwherget@web.de
Objective:
To examine DNA parameters as prognostic factors for developing metastases.
Study Design:
Image cytometry was used to determine DNA content of 21 tumors and 28 metastases. DNA ploidy status, 2c deviation index (2cDI) and DNA malignancy grade (DNA-MG) (based on the variation of nuclear DNA content of tumor cells around the normal DNA [2c] peak) were examined for their prognostic value.
Results:
Twenty of 21 tumors showed aneuploid content, and 1 tumor showed diploid DNA content. Twenty-one bone metastases showed aneuploid cells. In 6 cases both euploid and aneuploid cells were detected. In 1 metastasis only euploid cells were present. DNA-MG was increased in bone metastases (mean, 2.4) as compared to the corresponding primary tumor (mean, 2.2) in most of the cases. The mean value of the 2cDI was 30.07 in primary tumors and 42.5 in metastases. Twelve bone metastases had a higher 5cEE than did the primary tumor.
Conclusion:
Diploid and aneuploid cells were able to leave a tumor and establish metastases. DNA-MG and 2cDI were increased in metastases in comparison with the primary tumor, but even tumors with lower DNA-MG had metastatic potential.
