Evaluation of epicardial microwave ablation lesions: histology versus electrophysiology
Thomas J van Brakel1, Gil Bolotin, Kenneth J Salleng
1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. t.vanbrakel@ctc.unimaas.nl
Background:
Pulmonary vein isolation is a hallmark in current surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation. However, validation of isolation remains cumbersome. We evaluated electrophysiologic and not histologic means to test isolation.
Methods:
In 16 mongrel dogs, robot-assisted epicardial beating-heart microwave ablation (FLEX 10) was performed around the pulmonary veins. Electrophysiologic isolation was tested by pacing at 4 times threshold values inside and outside the pulmonary veins (exit and entrance block). The histology of lesions was studied for transmurality and continuity of the lesion lines. In 5 dogs, lesions were studied at various time intervals.
Results:
Histologic evaluation of the lesions showed incomplete (48% +/- 20%) circumferential myocardial damage in all dogs with acute lesions. Electrophysiologic evaluation showed completion of the box (entrance and exit block) in 8 dogs and in another 5 dogs after repeated ablation (p < 0.01 compared with histologic evaluation). Electrophysiologic evaluation of the dogs with chronic lesions showed completed lesions in 4 of 5 dogs directly after ablation. At follow-up (1 to 3 weeks), the isolations remained electrophysiologically complete. Histologic evaluation of the lesions 1 to 3 weeks after ablation showed complete (100%) circumferential lesions in all 4 dogs (p < 0.001 compared with the histology of dogs with acute lesions).
Conclusions:
Directly after treatment, ablation lesions are best evaluated electrophysiologically, because complete (transmural and circumferential) lesions are not shown by histologic evaluation in the acute stage. After 1 to 3 weeks, the histology is in accordance with the electrophysiology. To obtain a complete isolation, online electrophysiologic evaluation during pulmonary vein microwave ablation is necessary to optimize the results.
