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Updated: Aug 21, 2026

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
Published on: September 8, 2023
Image processing for craniofacial landmark identification and measurement: a review of photogrammetry and
1MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa. tdouglas@cormack.uct.ac.za
Abstract:
Facial surface anthropometry and cephalometry have been used for many years for the diagnosis of malformations, surgical planning and evaluation, and growth studies. These disciplines rely on the identification of craniofacial landmarks. Methods for 3D reconstruction of landmarks have been introduced, as have image processing algorithms for the automation of landmark extraction. This paper reviews facial surface anthropometry and cephalometry with reference to the image processing algorithms that have been applied and their effectiveness.
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