Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management01:27

Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management

A comprehensive nursing assessment is essential for patients with valvular heart disease, which involves any dysfunction of the heart valves that could impact blood flow and overall heart function.Subjective Data Collection:Chief Complaint and Present Illness: Start with the patient's primary concerns, focusing on the onset, duration, and progression of cardiac symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, and palpitations.Past Medical History: Collect detailed information on any previous...
Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinical utility of coronary CT angiography to guide PCI: a survey among P4 investigators.

The international journal of cardiovascular imaging·2025
Same author

Validation of contemporary methods to assess vessel specific myocardial mass.

Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions·2025
Same author

Impact of Bifurcation Lesions on Outcomes After FFR-Guided PCI or CABG.

Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions·2024
Same author

Gender-Based Specificities of Fractional Flow Reserve Measurement.

Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions·2024
Same author

Impact of Robotic Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (R-PCI) With and Without CCTA-Guidance on Clinical Outcomes and Hospital Economics: A Single Center Registry.

Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions·2024
Same author

Sex Differences in Patients Undergoing FFR-Guided PCI or CABG in the FAME 3 Trial.

JACC. Cardiovascular interventions·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Endothelialized Microfluidics for Studying Microvascular Interactions in Hematologic Diseases
11:08

Endothelialized Microfluidics for Studying Microvascular Interactions in Hematologic Diseases

Published on: June 22, 2012

Epicardial stenosis severity does not affect minimal microcirculatory resistance.

Wilbert Aarnoudse1, William F Fearon, Ganesh Manoharan

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Circulation
|October 7, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Minimal microvascular resistance in the heart is unaffected by epicardial stenosis severity. The index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) accurately reflects true microvascular resistance when accounting for collateral flow.

More Related Videos

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
04:48

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

Published on: November 28, 2018

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Computational Protocol for Analysis of Plaque Morphology and Hemodynamics in Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis
09:36

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Computational Protocol for Analysis of Plaque Morphology and Hemodynamics in Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis

Published on: August 12, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Endothelialized Microfluidics for Studying Microvascular Interactions in Hematologic Diseases
11:08

Endothelialized Microfluidics for Studying Microvascular Interactions in Hematologic Diseases

Published on: June 22, 2012

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
04:48

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

Published on: November 28, 2018

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Computational Protocol for Analysis of Plaque Morphology and Hemodynamics in Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis
09:36

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Computational Protocol for Analysis of Plaque Morphology and Hemodynamics in Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis

Published on: August 12, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Interventional Cardiology
  • Coronary Artery Disease

Background:

  • The relationship between epicardial stenosis and myocardial microvascular resistance is debated.
  • The index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) measures microvascular resistance using distal coronary pressure and transit time.
  • Accurate application of IMR in stenotic arteries requires accounting for collateral flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of measuring IMR in humans.
  • To test if microvascular resistance is independent of epicardial stenosis severity.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were studied.
  • Stenosis was simulated using a balloon catheter, creating 10%, 50%, and 75% area stenosis.
  • Fractional flow reserve (FFR) and IMR were measured at maximum hyperemia, with and without accounting for coronary wedge pressure (P(w)).

Main Results:

  • Uncorrected IMR appeared to increase with stenosis severity (24, 27, 37 U; P<0.001).
  • When corrected for P(w), microvascular resistance remained unchanged across stenosis severities (22, 23, 23 U; P=0.28).

Conclusions:

  • Minimal microvascular resistance is independent of epicardial stenosis severity.
  • IMR is a specific index of microvascular resistance when collateral flow is appropriately considered.