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Updated: Aug 21, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
Published on: September 11, 2011
Increased radiation dose by automatic exposure control system during fluoroscopy and angiography of pelvis due to
Atsushi Nakamura1, Tsuneo Ishiguchi, Seiji Kamei
1Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, 21 Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi 480-1195, JAPAN.
Purpose:
To evaluate the increase of radiation dose caused by contrast material excreted in the bladder during vascular interventional procedures of the pelvis.
Materials And Methods:
A latex balloon filled with diluted contrast material, simulating the bladder, was placed in a water phantom. Entrance dose rates were measured under various conditions with and without the balloon. In animal experiments, skin doses during fluoroscopy and angiographic image acquisitions were measured at the pelvis of a swine before and after the contrast was excreted in the bladder.
Results:
In phantom experiments, fluoroscopic dose rates increased 1.3- to 3.9-fold when the contrast-filled balloon was placed at the periphery of the phantom. The dose rates increased 3.0- to 4.0-fold when the balloon was placed at the center. In the animal experiment, dose rates increased 1.4- to 2.0-fold when the bladder was filled with contrast material. Skin doses during 10-second angiographic image acquisition also increased 1.1- to 2.3-fold when the bladder was filled with contrast.
Conclusion:
When the bladder is filled with excreted contrast material, skin doses delivered by fluoroscopy and angiography will increase. Removal of urine is recommended during vascular interventional procedures of the pelvis.
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Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...

