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Environmental influences on cognitive and brain plasticity during aging
Arthur F Kramer1, Louis Bherer, Stanley J Colcombe
1Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, 405 North Mathews Ave., Urbana 61801, USA. akramer@s.psych.uiuc.edu
Summary
Environmental factors like education and engagement can enhance cognitive plasticity throughout adulthood. This review examines literature on factors that may reduce age-related cognitive decline and suggests future research directions.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Cognitive Psychology
- Gerontology
Background:
- Age-related cognitive decline is a significant concern.
- Environmental factors play a role in cognitive and brain plasticity.
- Understanding these influences is crucial for promoting healthy aging.
Purpose of the Study:
- To critically review existing literature on environmental influences on cognitive and brain plasticity across the adult lifespan.
- To identify factors that may mitigate age-related cognitive decline.
- To highlight gaps in current research and propose future directions.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of human epidemiological studies.
- Inclusion of human and nonhuman cross-sectional and longitudinal research.
- Examination of factors such as education, leisure, intellectual engagement, skill expertise, and fitness training.
Main Results:
- Formal and informal education, leisure activities, intellectual engagement, and skill expertise are linked to reduced age-related cognitive decline.
- Cognitive and physical fitness training show potential benefits for cognitive function.
- The reviewed literature provides a foundation for understanding protective factors.
Conclusions:
- Environmental enrichment and engagement are key to maintaining cognitive function and brain plasticity in adults.
- Further research is needed to elucidate specific mechanisms and optimize interventions.
- Addressing identified research gaps will advance strategies for healthy cognitive aging.